觸及閱聽人:中國獨立電影的發行研究

Reaching Audiences: A Study on the Distribution of Chinese Independent Films

作者

系所:影創所

作者:袁海濤/博士生/110年度

指導教授:連淑錦、何平

中文摘要

本研究重點考察獨立電影在影展、戲院、流媒體、民間放映和網絡盜版等管道的發行情況,分析其優勢劣勢,探討其傳播的行動者網絡。本研究深度訪談了18位受訪對象,他們分別來自導演、製片、策展、發行等領域。為了補充訪談資料的不足,本研究還結合對歷史文獻資料,包括報刊、雜誌、書籍、期刊、研究報告的分析和梳理。研究發現,早期中國獨立電影市場萎靡,經濟蕭條,中國獨立電影主要是通過半正規和非正規的形式發行影片,而在2012年以後,三大獨立影展逐漸停辦,中國電影市場票房高速增長,獨立電影的子場域逐漸轉變,中國獨立電影通過轉變自身身份,以青年電影、藝術電影的身份認同,缓解與官方的緊張關係,從而獲得正規發行的機會。國際影展是扶持、推動中國獨立電影創製和發行的重要場域,但近年來,隨著中國經濟的發展,許多扶持基金暫停了對中國獨立電影的扶持,中國上升的製片、發行成本也給予獨立電影創製發行增加了難度。近年來獨立電影在國際市場回報率偏低,更多的獨立電影轉向國內發行,以爭取更大的票房回報。其次,中國流媒體平台暫時無法挑戰傳統產業鏈,以流量為王的價值取向,與獨立電影的價值取向格格不入,獨立電影也無法依靠流媒體平台獲利。最後,票務平台參與電影製作與發行,在根本上改變了電影的發行方式,演算法加劇了市場的集中度,水軍、平台售票、評分、意見領袖、口碑驅動的戲院排片模式,導致戲院發行過於集中,僅有少部分爆款(Blockbusters)影片獲利。盜版穿透版權法和審查機制,並依靠平台技術、社群媒體和支付技術發展出「打賞發行」的模式。

Abstract

This study focuses on the distribution of independent films in film exhibitions, theatres, streaming media, folk screening and online piracy, analyzes their advantages and disadvantages, and discusses the actor network of cultural communication. This study conducted in-depth interviews with 18 respondents, who came from the fields of director, production, curation, distribution, etc. In order to supplement the lack of interview data, this study also combines the analysis and sorting of historical literature, including newspapers, magazines, books, periodicals and research reports. The study found that the early Chinese independent film market was depressed and the economy was depressed. Chinese independent films were mainly distributed in semi formal and informal forms. After 2012, the three major independent film exhibitions were gradually closed, the box office of the Chinese film market grew rapidly, and the sub fields of independent films gradually changed. Chinese independent films identified themselves as youth films and art films by changing their own identity, Ease the tension with the authorities, so as to obtain the opportunity of formal issuance. The International Film Festival is an important field to support and promote the creation and distribution of Chinese independent films. However, in recent years, with the development of China's economy, many support funds have suspended their support for Chinese independent films. The rising production and distribution costs in China have also made it more difficult to create and distribute independent films. In recent years, the return rate of independent films in the international market has been low. More independent films have turned to domestic distribution to strive for greater box office returns. Secondly, the Chinese streaming media platform can not challenge the traditional industrial chain for the time being. The value orientation of taking traffic as the king is incompatible with the value orientation of independent films, and independent films can not rely on the streaming media platform to make profits. Finally, the participation of the ticketing platform in film production and distribution has fundamentally changed the mode of film distribution, and the performance algorithm has intensified the concentration of the market. The theater film arrangement mode driven by the Navy, platform ticket sales, scoring, opinion leaders and word of mouth has led to the excessive concentration of theater distribution, and only a small number of popular films have made profits. Piracy penetrates the copyright law and censorship mechanism, and relies on platform technology, social media and payment technology to develop a "reward distribution" model.

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